Ireland facts: all about the Emerald Isle!
Ready to discover one of Europe’s most beautiful countries? Then check out our cool Ireland facts…
Ireland facts
OFFICIAL NAME: Éire, Republic of Ireland
FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Constitutional Democracy
CAPITAL: Dublin
POPULATION: 4, 859, 511
MONETARY UNIT: Euro
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: Irish/English
AREA: 68,890 square kilometres
MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES: Macgillycuddy’s Reeks, Wicklow Mountains
MAJOR RIVERS: Shannon, Liffey, Boyne, Moy, Barrow
Irish flag
Map of Ireland
Ireland: geography and landscape
Ireland is an island nation on the westernmost edge of Europe. It is the continent’s second largest island (after Great Britain). The Republic of Ireland occupies 80 percent of this landmass, while a large chunk of land in the north, called Northern Ireland, is part of the United Kingdom. All together, the island of Ireland is made up of 32 counties.
Ireland is known for its wide expanses of lush, green fields – so much so, that its nickname is the Emerald Isle. But there are also large areas of rugged, rocky landscape, too. About 15,000 years ago, Ireland was completely covered by thick glaciers. The movement of these giant sheets of ice stripped the soil, leaving huge tracts of flat, limestone ground.
The midlands and west coast of Ireland are dotted with damp peat bogs, the soggy remains of dried-up ancient lakes left by the glaciers. Ireland’s highlands rise mainly in the southwest, often ending at sheer cliffs that plunge thousands of feet into the Atlantic Ocean.
Ireland’s wildlife and nature
The Irish have a great affection for nature and rural life. The country’s first coins even featured pictures of animals. Low levels of development and pollution in Ireland have left most of the nation’s open spaces relatively undisturbed.
Did you know that there are no wild snakes in Ireland? The sea has stopped many animals common on mainland Europe from reaching the island. There are also only two wild mouse species (the wood mouse and house mouse), one type of lizard (the common lizard) and just three kinds of amphibians (the natterjack toad, smooth newt and common frog).
Irish wildlife is protected by government conservation programs. To preserve natural habitat, the government has established six national parks and hundreds of national heritage areas throughout the country. Great news!
Irish history
Archaeologists think the first people to settle in Ireland arrived around 6000 B.C. By 3500 B.C., settlers were using stone tools to clear farmlands. Around 700 B.C., a diverse and technologically advanced culture from central Europe, called the Celts, began to settle on the island. They would thrive there for nearly 2,000 years.
In the ninth century A.D., Viking invaders began raids into Ireland. They eventually established settlements that later became some of the country’s main cities, including the capital, Dublin. These aggressive arrivals fought with the Celts often for 200 years until a battle in 1014, known as the Battle of Clontarf, united the country. Peace broke down quickly though and Ireland was divided into many kingdoms.
In 1170, Norman Vikings who had taken control of England invaded Ireland and made it an English territory. In the early 1600s, England’s official religion became Protestant, while most Irish remained Roman Catholic. This would create tensions that would eventually lead to revolution and Ireland’s independence.?
By the 1820s, British laws unfair to Catholics had sparked a mass movement for Irish sovereignty. In 1829, many of those laws were overturned, but Ireland still wanted freedom. In 1922, after violent uprisings, the Irish Free State was created within the British Empire.
In 1948, most of Ireland became an independent country, while six mainly Protestant counties in the northeast remained a British territory.
Irish people and culture
Ireland is a nation of storytellers. The tradition dates back to Celtic bards, who would record and recite the country’s history. Many famed writers come from Ireland, including four winners of the Nobel Prize for literature. The Irish also excel in sports, music and dancing!
Irish government and economy
The government of Ireland consists of an elected parliament, which makes the laws, and a president, who is head of state. The head of the government is the Taoiseach (pronounced tee-shuck), which means “chief.” The Taoiseach is the prime minister, and leader of the political party with the most parliament members.?
For most of its history, Ireland’s economy has been based on farming and agriculture. But beginning in the late 1950s, government efforts to attract business turned the country from one of Europe’s poorest nations to its second wealthiest. The amazing turnaround and economic boom in the mid 1990s and early 2000s earned Ireland the nickname the “Celtic Tiger.”
During the global financial crisis of 2008, Ireland entered a recession and the country experienced serious financial problems. But in the past few years Ireland’s economy has started to recover and is once again on the rise.
Image credits: Cliffs of Moher, Ireland: Ibeth Ibarra, Dreamstime. Boats and buildings in Dublin, Ireland: Somethingirish, Dreamstime. Traditional Irish women dancers: Danielc1998, Dreamstime. All other images: Getty Images UK
What did you make of our facts about Ireland? Let us know by leaving a comment, below!
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COMMENTS1
I love your website it gives so much nice and great information.
Willamina
Thanks Nat Geo this was really helpful!
ella
cool information i used it for my presentation
Aryan
Thank you live in Ireland, great facts
Lillian
Great information.
Mason
I love Ireland
connor
this was so hellpfull becase i am doing a project in school
Briella M
awesome thanks national geographic!
Ruby
I used this for a school project
Ella
So helpful
Joseph Manni
so much information. This really helped with my research! Best website for research!
Murray Dempsey
I love national geographic. I think your facts are amazing
Nick
I used this website for school and it has all the answers for the questions!
cool
Dylan
So much facts!
Makenna
This was super interesting
Dog123456789
This was really helpful! Thank you
brooklyn
its very nice and I like how it talks about st.patricks day, and interesting facts about many different things about IRELAND.
anthony
it was interesting and I did not know stuff and now I know it
Tyler
very cool, and unique facts!!!
slaygirlslay
I love ireland but sadly I do not live there but I want to move there one day
Timothy
its really interesting and awesome at the same time!
nottellingyou
I learned a lot from this article on St. Patrick's Day.It was helpful for my quiz.
ava
really interesting!
Jamal
Even though I don't celebrate st Patrick's day, I still like to tapdance in my backyard and wear green
ANOUUMMOUYS
These facts are amazingly awesome
quinn
I LOVE this it is so COOL
great facts
Danny
The facts are so cool
Nellie
This article is slay and I'm from Dublin
caleb
This is very cool and interesting
Julius.adams
hi I am in grade 4 learning about Ireland
I am part Irish but not a lot BTW today is st. Patrick"s Day!
Lily
Even though I don’t go to a school in the US, UK or Ireland my English teacher said that on st. Patrick’s day we have to come dressed in green and 2 pupils from each class will take part in a quiz and I’m thinking of taking part so this was very helpful thank you
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laila
This is very interesting
jaydenb
SUPER COOL
Taliyah
Nice and unique facts!
Declan
i am from ireland
Liam
Im from ireland
Ems
WOW!!!!
Erinn S
This article is used for our "Ireland Field Trip!" Thank you for the facts!
Taryn
I am part Irish and I love this website. It is perfect for research!
Taylor Swift
cool facts, well writen, just all around amazing job national geographic?
Mia
I think Ireland is very cool. Please write more about it. I am doing a report on it and hope you can give more info. Thank You!!!!
erta
i love ireland
JOE MAMA
Hi
Hi
Hi
That’s interesting
Interesting!
Interesting!
CrazyLLama321
This is awesome
paudepl
Miles
Epic
Issac wanders
Ellie
Wow I did not know all this stuff.but I do have a question does Ireland have any fun Facts like 1. Biggest country in the world 2. Most famous art piece There 3. Beautiful mountains 4. Most famous person is There ————————— Something like that not jest the Country name and the Capital name something fun?
Ella O'Davin
I love ireland i was born there and lived there for a while, but now I immigrated to America!!! Erin Go Bragh
Meow
Hello, to everbody in Ireland you are amazing
Meow
I live in Ireland and I love it. Its not too hot its not to cold its just right
Emma
Cool
Isabel
So fascinating
sand
Ivana
Lol
Jackson Gilbert
Good things are included on this site. Thank you for not wasting my time.
Selene Lopez
Nice
Anonymous
Wow! Thanks! This really helped me with my Ireland project! I actually live in Ireland and can confirm all these facts true! Once again thx so much! XOXO ANON
Jacob Gonzalez
cool
Em
WOW, AMAZING
Jude2475
school is cool
safari giraffe
This is very helpful for a homework related essay :)
turtlecutie
THIS IS SO HELPFUL!!!!! five stars <33
Bob
Nice
Kylan
This is very informational.Thanks!
George
I loved learning more about because l was born there
Daisy Dog
I live in Ireland!
elvan
WOW
nevena
I am irish!!!
sophia6716
sweet i <3 it
yo
awesome
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